Kant And Mill s Utilitarianism Theory - 1316 Words

When presented with a choice between saving the life of one person, or saving the life of five, how should you choose which is the right thing to do? Is there even a right choice in this situation when either way someone is going to die? The theories presented by Kant and Mill seem to suggest there is. They each have their own beliefs on how you should handle the situation, and which is in fact the right choice to make. Kant’s deontological theory rests in the basis of morality. Mill’s utilitarianism theory rests in the basis of maximized happiness. So, how would they handle this situation? In the end, which is the right choice to make? The principle of utility states that, â€Å"actions or behaviors are right in so far as they promote happiness or pleasure, wrong as they tend to produce unhappiness or pain† (White). Utilitarianism suggests that actions are morally right only if and because they produce the greatest net good (Markovits).Therefore, in both rescue situations presented, Mill would have told the rescuers to save the lives of the five endangered people instead of the one. The right action is the one with the most overall value. Saving more lives maximizes happiness, and prevents more suffering (Markovits). In the first rescue situation, continuing on to save the lives of five people as opposed to one seems like a no-brainer to a utilitarian. Mill would have told the rescuers that the solution would have been reducing the pain of five people as opposed to that ofShow MoreRelatedKant s Theory Of Moral Theory1466 Words   |  6 Pagessince Kant s publication of his renowned ethical treatises, deontologists and utilitarians alike have argued over which moral theory is most coherent. Yet, in Mill s critique of Kant, Mill sidesteps this issue, not by directly critiquing Kant s moral theory, but rather by asserting that Kant s moral theory is actually just a form of utilitarianism. Essentially, Kant s universal law test is nothing mo re than a veiled appeal to consequences, as Mill correctly claims in his critique of Kant. AfterRead MoreWhat Has Posterity Ever Done For Me By Robert Heilbroner1626 Words   |  7 Pagesregards to preserving the planet. In this paper, I will present Heilbroner s arguments for posterity, in relation to how we treat our environment. In addition, I will compare two ethical theories, Kant s Categorical Imperative to Mill s theory of Utilitarianism. I will then argue as to why Utilitarianism is more plausible in respect to Heilbroner s environmental view on posterity. Furthermore, I will point out why Kantian theory does not at all support the idea of environmental preservation for futureRead MoreThe Between Utilitarianism And Deontology1345 Words   |  6 Pageswhat is morally just? Immanuel Kant, the founder of Deontology, along with Jeremy Bentham and James Mills, the founders of Utilitarianism, all attempted to answer this question. Bentham and Mills’ Utilitarianism stresses maximizing pleasure and happiness in the world over pain and unhappiness. In contrast, Kant’s Deontology focuses on honoring duties and obligations. A moral action must be â€Å"considered right and good by most people† (Merriam-Webster). The way Kant proposes that one achieves happinessRead MoreWhat Makes An Action Moral Can Not Be Had Without Thoroughly Examining The Theories Of Immanual Kant And John1696 Words   |  7 Pagesthoroughly examining the theories of Immanual Kant and John Stuart Mill. Mill bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µd that an action s consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µ its moral worth, whilÐ µ Kant arguÐ µd that morality of thÐ µ action dÐ µpÐ µnds on thÐ µ good will. BasÐ µd on thÐ µ two contradicting thÐ µoriÐ µs abovÐ µ, this papÐ µr will support Mill s viÐ µw of thÐ µ moral worth of an action bÐ µcausÐ µ it is dÐ µtÐ µrminÐ µd by its practical and usÐ µful consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs in our sociÐ µty. Kant’s dismissal of an action s consÐ µquÐ µncÐ µs is irrÐ µlÐ µvant to our sociÐ µty s moral valuÐ µs. ThÐ µRead More Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian Ethics Of Justice2753 Words   |  12 PagesStuart Mills Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism that is seemingly in contention with the thoughts of Kant. What is mostRead MoreEssay on The Golden Rule in Kant and Mills Ethical Theories1320 Words   |  6 Pagesbad and right or wrong. It is a theory dealing with values that relate to human behaviour; with respect to their actions and purpose. The two most important philosophers that deal with ethics are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Kant’s ethical theory is Kantianism or deontological ethics. Mill’s ethical theory is utilitarianism. Both philosophers’ theories have many differences; Kant’s theory deals with c onduct, seeking reason for good action in duty. Mill’s theory deals with consequences and maximizingRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Philosophical Concept That Was Taught By John Stuart Mill931 Words   |  4 PagesEthics 13 March 2016 Utilitarianism is a philosophical concept that was taught by John Stuart Mill in which he explains that every person always act and make decisions that maximize their utility. Mill gave a clear explanation that utilitarian often aim at maximizing utility because it is morally right. All actions that individuals perform in their own initiatives are to make their lives better in the long run. This essay is aimed at explaining the way in which utilitarianism is relevant to the societyRead MoreEssay Kant vs. Mill: Human Rights and Utilitarianism1729 Words   |  7 Pagesshaped by several factors, including philosophical theories in the past. This paper looks at the theories of two philosophers, Emmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills, and how their teachings can be used to explain the sources of human rights. Kant’s moral philosophy is very direct in its justification of human rights, especially the ideals of moral autonomy and equality as applied to rational human beings. John St uart Mills’ theory of utilitarianism also forms a solid basis for human rights, especiallyRead MoreKant And John Stuart Mill s Utility Based, Utilitarian Moral Theory1551 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most intriguing aspects of moral theory is not merely analyzing disagreements between renowned, intellectual giants, but examining the ways in which near polar ideologies can arise to similar conclusions based on vastly different rationales. Immanuel Kant s duty-based, deontological moral theory and John Stuart Mill s utility-based, utilitarian moral theory are prime examples of antithetical viewpoints that share similar outlooks to ethical subjects such as lying and helping those inRead MoreEthics, Utilitarianism, Deontology, And Virtue Ethics1415 Words   |  6 Pagescategorize the three main theories of normative ethics; utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics. The show constantly displays the universal mindsets of multiple people within various situations and how on e effects the other and the world. Majority of these scenarios, virtue ethics brings about the best results for those within the South Park community and the main characters. In the following, I will argue why virtue ethics is the most effective theory to always follow of all theories and how always following

The Effect Of Aerobic Exercise On Patients With Chronic...

Literature review; The effect of aerobic exercise on VO2 max in patients with chronic heart failure. Patients suffering from chronic heart failure (CHF) often suffer from a decreased aerobic exercise capacity and exercise intolerance, which leads to a progressive deterioration in functional capacity (Belardinelli et al. 1999). This review will focus on four controlled clinical studies which have examined the effect of exercise training on VO2 max in patients with CHF. Coats et al. (1992) compared a phase of normal activity to a training period in a group of patients to assess if there was an improvement in VO2 max due to exercise compared to rest. A group of seventeen men over 60 years of age with moderate to severe chronic heart failure (NYHA class II-III) and a left ventricular ejection fraction of 19.6  ± 2.3% took part in a controlled crossover trial consisting of an exercise phase and a resting phase. During the exercise phase the participants exercised for 8 weeks on a training bicycle at 50RPM for 20 minutes a day at 60-80% of their maximum heart rate for five days per week. The patients undertook exercise testing to calculate VO2 max before and after each phase. An overall mean compliance to exercise was calculated to be 77.3% using a revolution counter installed on each bike. The exercise phase showed a significant increase in VO2 max (13.2  ± 0.9 to 15.6  ± 1.0 ml/kg/min) when compared with controls in this study. No significant di fference was observed betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Leading Causes Of Death Of The United States Is Heart Disease1360 Words   |  6 Pages The leading causes of death in the United States is heart disease. Heart disease is classified as a chronic disease. Chronic diseases are long-lasting conditions that can be controlled but not cured. Overall chronic diseases account for about 70% of deaths in the United States. The most common examples of chronic diseases include diabetes, heart disease, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, asthma, and high blood pressure. Though chronic diseases are shown to be the major cause of death around the worldRead MoreChronic Diseases Are Long Lasting Disease1550 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Chronic diseases are long lasting disease. Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity and arthritis are the most common and preventable health problems. These diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or medication, nor do they disappear, but they can be prevented by having a healthy lifestyle since some of the major contributors are tobacco use, lack of physical activity, and bad eating habits. Cardiovascular disease is leading cause ofRead MoreThe Relationship Between Copd And Congestive Heart Failure2005 Words   |  9 PagesThe Relationship of COPD and Congestive Heart Failure While most physical therapists will not solely work in a cardiopulmonary rehabilitation position, all settings of physical therapy frequently treat patients suffering from co-morbidities in addition to the condition that they are prescribed for our care.1 Recognizing and understanding these co-morbidities is important to provide the most effective care to the patient while also decreasing the risk of predisposition to other health conditionsRead MoreThe Agent For Heart Failure1524 Words   |  7 Pages Inotropic Agent for Heart Failure DOBUTAMINE Dominador R. Ronquillo III Utica College â€Æ' Introduction According to Metra et al. (2011, p. 516), heart failure is one of the leading causes of illness and death in the cardiac disease spectrum; it renders the heart to become an inefficient pump; as a result, the patient’s develops low blood pressure, reduction in cardiac output and decreased perfusion of blood in vital organs. The culmination of these symptoms represents a veryRead MoreHigh Intensity Interval Training ( Hiit )2264 Words   |  10 PagesDisease (CAD) and Heart Failure (HF), due to its potential to improve cardio respiratory fitness (1, 15). This exercise format is characterized as aerobic exercise performed in a high intensity - usually controlled by either maximum oxygen uptake or maximum heart rate – with active and low intensity. Performing exercise in high intensities mixed with active rest allows patients to tolerate a higher effort before they become tired. Heart failure patients present a diminished exercise capacity, due toRead MoreEffec ts Of Cardiac Rehabilitation On The United States Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pagesdisciplines in order to create an optimal medical therapy that seeks to educate patients through counseling to make behavioral changes that will improve their health status. The goal of CR is to reduce the risk of repeat cardiac events, improve cardiovascular health, and reduce all-cause mortality with the use of evidence-based guidelines (Lawler, Filion, Eisenberg, 2011; Lobelo, Stoutenberg, Hutber, 2014). Exercise therapy is a key factor to programming. Effective training protocol that elicitsRead MoreBenefits Of Physical Training Patients With Diabetes And Chronic Kidney Disease2469 Words   |  10 PagesBENEFIT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. Yetunde M. Fajulugbe Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton OH. Keywords: Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, Physical Training, Abstract: Introduction Diabetes occur when there is a combination of inadequate secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells and the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to a reducedRead MoreHeart Rate Variability ( Hrv )1623 Words   |  7 PagesHeart rate variability (HRV) is quickly becoming a â€Å"buzz word† in fitness, but in reality this is a very old technology. Dating back to at least 1948 (15) HRV has been a commonly used method in research and is an accepted diagnostic tool in several diseases/conditions, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and type 2 diabetes (9, 23). HRV was, until recently, a tool that was confined to clinical and research settings, largely due to the prohibitively high cost of equipment. Recent advances in technologyRead MoreThe Effect Of Exercise Training And Nutrition Therapy On Function, Fatigue, And Pain3564 Words   |  15 PagesEFFECT OF EXERCISE TRAINING AND NUTRITION THERAPY ON FUNCTION, FATIGUE, AND PAIN IN WOMEN WITH FIBROMYALGIA Research Question: What is the effect of resistance/aerobic training and nutrition therapy on function, fatigue, and pain in women with FM? Abstract Background and Significance: Fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms such as pain and fatigue can have a severe impact on function and quality of life. The exact etiology of FM is unknown, consequently there is no single best treatment. Studies have shownRead MoreDiabetes Mellitus : A Group Of Metabolic Diseases Characterized By Hyperglycemia Resulting From Defects1463 Words   |  6 Pagesinsulin secretion, insulin action or both. It is a disease which is caused by the insufficient insulin secretion or decrease in the peripheral effects of insulin. It is a serious problem in terms of morbidity and mortality. The hyperglycemia is associated with long term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. It’s associated with many complications which includes blindness of the eyes and amputations of the extremities. It is also

Benefits of a Yoga Practice Free Essays

History of Yoga The exact history and origins of yoga is uncertain; however, there are pieces that have been connected and allow some conclusions. Stone carvings depicting figures in Yoga positions have been found in archeological sites in the Indus Valley dating back 5,000 years or more. In ancient times, the desire for greater personal freedom, health and long life, and heightened self-understanding gave birth to this system of physical and mental exercise which has since spread throughout the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of a Yoga Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The word Yoga means â€Å"to join or yoke together,† and it brings the body and mind together into one harmonious experience. One of the earliest texts about Yoga was compiled by a scholar named Patanjali, who talked about the most common Yoga theories and practices of his time in a book called Yoga Sutras as early and the 1st and 2nd century B. C. or as late as the 5th century A. D. The system that he wrote is known as â€Å"Ashtanga Yoga† or the eight limbs of Yoga, generally known as Classical Yoga today. The eight steps include yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyhara, dharana, dhyana, and Samadhi. Yoga arrived to the United States somewhere around the late 1800s, but hadn’t become commonly known until the 1960s. It is well known that the techniques of Yoga can contribute to general health and well-being. Many physicians recommend Yoga to patients who suffer from heart disease, back pains, depression, arthritis, insomnia, asthma, and other chronic conditions. Philosophical Roots and Principles The philosophy of yoga has been passed on from teacher to student for many generations over the last 5,000 years. There is no true definition on what yoga really is. Some may say it is only a way to relax, others say it is a form of excersice, and others say it is a way of life. In essence, yoga practice aims to align the body with the mind through fluid movement and controlled breathing. At the base of the yoga practice, there are five basic principles: exercise, breathing, relaxation, diet, and meditation. Exercise: This principle revolves around the idea that our physical body is meant to move and exercise. One’s spiritual health begins with physical health. Yoga benefits every part of your body – joints, muscles, blood circulation, digestion, etc. Practicing Yoga makes your body relaxed, gives you more strength and energy, and rejuvenates the various systems of the body. Breathing: Yoga’s lifestyle is centered around breathing. Yoga emphasizes attention to breath, and taking long, deep inhalations, making use of all the parts of your Lungs to increase your oxygen intake. Proper Breathing should be deep, slow and rhythmical. This increases lung capacity and oxygen flow throughout the body, which clears and cleanses the mind. Relaxation: One achieves inner peace through proper relaxation. Relaxation begins in the physical body, losing all tension within the muscles. This then extends to the mind, and positively affects one’s actions throughout the day. Diet: A proper diet should accompany a yoga practice to maintain a healthy physical body. Improper diet results to mental inefficiency and blocks spiritual awareness. A proper diet should nourish both mind and body. It should consist of eating only natural foods, and only when one is hungry. Meditation: The most important aspect of yoga is positive thinking and meditation. Everything in the physical body is controlled through the mind. Meditation allows ones self to control the mind to channel positive thinking and spiritual health. This allowing a more relaxing Yoga practice, which leads to a calm and positive day, Why is nutrition important in yoga? The basic principle of nutrition in yoga is to eat small quantities of high quality foods without producing toxins. It is easy to result to heavily processed, nutrition poor, calorie dense foods within a normal life that’s full of stress. Eating unhealthy puts you at more risks of diseases, while a well-nourished body makes it easier to cope better, while also reducing your possibility of disease and reducing your stress levels. The body requires food to supply energy to function normally. It also needs it to repair tissue and organs. The perfect balance in diet is different for ach person. To find balance, it is important to know one’s own individual needs, the best preparation methods, the properties of foods, and to choose a broad range of high quality foods. When a good attitude and ample exercise are combined, one finds no limit to total health of the mind, body, and spirit. Five Yoga Poses Downward facing dog: Come to your hands and knees with the wrists underneath the shoulders and the knees underneath the hips. Curl the toes under and push back raising the hips and straightening the legs. Spread the fingers and ground down from the forearms into the fingertips. Outwardly rotate the upper arms broadening the collarbones. Let the head hang, move the shoulder blades away from the ears towards the hips. Engage the quadriceps strongly to take the weight off the arms, making this a resting pose. Rotate the thighs inward, keep the tail high and sink your heels towards the floor. Dragonfly Pose: Begin standing in mountain pose. Shift your weight into your right leg and bring the left ankle to cross your right thigh just above the knee. Your shin will be parallel to the floor. This is same position from which you enter flying crow. Come into a forward bend, bringing the palms of the hands to the floor. Bend the right leg (the standing leg) and twist your torso to the right, walking your hands over until your palms come in front of the right foot. This is a similar arm position to side crow. Bend your elbows down to chaturanga position and bring the sole of your left foot onto the shelf created by your left upper arm. Try to get the foot as high up your arm as possible. Bring the right thigh to rest on the left upper arm as well. Tip forward, bringing your weight into your arms as the right leg straightens out to the side and right foot leaves the floor. To come out, bend the right knee and bring the right foot back to the floor. Half Moon Pose – Ardha Chandrasana: From Trikonasana, soften the right knee and bring the left hand to your hip. Bring the right hand to the floor about a foot in front of the right foot with the fingertips on the floor. Begin to straighten the right leg while simultaneously raising the left leg. Open the hips, stacking the left hip on top of the right hip. Bring the left leg straight and parallel to the floor, flexing the left foot with the toes facing forward. When you feel balanced on the right leg, reach the left arm up toward the ceiling, opening the chest and making a straight line with the right and left arms. Finally, bring the gaze up toward the left fingertips. Child’s Pose – Balasana: From Downward Facing Dog, drop the knees to the floor. Spread the knees as wide as the mat, keeping the big toes touching. Bring the belly to rest between the thighs and the forehead to the floor. There are two possible arm variations: Either stretch the arms in front of you with the palms toward the floor or bring the arms back alongside the thighs with the palms facing upwards. Do whichever feel more comfortable to you. Bridge Pose – Setu Bandha Sarvangasana: Come to lie on the back. Bend the knees, bringing the soles of the feet parallel on the mat close to the buttocks. Lift the hips up towards the ceiling. Interlace the fingers behind your back and straighten the arms, pressing them down into the mat. Roll one shoulder under and then the other. Lift the hips higher. Draw the chest toward the chin, but do not move the chin toward the chest. Make sure the feet stay parallel. Release the hands and bring the upper, middle, and then lower back down. Rest, allowing the knees to knock together. How to cite Benefits of a Yoga Practice, Essay examples

The Budget Variation Report - Click to Get Sample Solution

Question: Write a summary onThe budget variation report. Answer: Summary of Key Findings: The budget variation report prepared by calculating the difference between the planned figure and the actual figure can help in planning, tracking as well as controlling overall spending and funding process (Budgeting 2011). The report shows that the budgeted sales figure exceeds the actual sales figure by $200000. Therefore, it can be said that the budget variance for sales is not favorable as the actual sales data is lesser than the initial projected figure. Again, the variance report reveals that the budgeted figure of the gross profit exceeds the actual gross profit figure by $175000 that is by 8%. The end outcome of the gross profit is not as anticipated and therefore reveals an undesirable variance. The unfavorable variance of gross profit therefore calls for the need of the corrective actions (Lalli 2012). Next, the variance report also brings forth the fact that the actual expenses figure exceeds the budgeted figure. Hence it can be hereby be ascertained that the costs incurred for the business operations of the corporation Big Red Bicycle Pty Ltd is higher than the initial expectations indicating adverse spending variance of Big Red Bicycle Pty Ltd. Consequently, the report also reveals that the projected budgeted figure of net profit before interest and tax surpasses the actual figure by $196000 that is by approximately 24%. Subsequently, the actual net profit after tax is also lower than the forecasted figure. Therefore, net profit figure also presents an unfavorable variance as the end result does not meet the expectations owing to the lower than expected sales and adverse spending variances (Shim, Siegel and Shim 2012). In addition to this, the net profit ratio shows that the efficiency of the corporation in converting the income from net sales. The budgeted net profit ratio is 24.7% that is greater than the actual figure of 21.33%. This indicates that the company Big Red Bicycle Pty Ltd lesser efficiency in extracting income from the net sales. Again, the budgeted gross profit ratio is 87.10 and the actual gross profit ratio is 86.90. Therefore it can be ascertained that the profitability of the firm is not as anticipated initially and reveals lesser efficiencies in producing as well as selling the product. Again, the wages and salaries ratio indicates the wages and salaries to the sales ratio. Here budgeted figure for wages and salaries ratio exceeds the actual figure indicating unfavorable condition as it reveals that the spending is greater than sales in actual.