Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century

In the 21st century, there has been increased need to consider current generation sustainability without limiting future generations’ capability to satisfy their needs. Different drivers compel organizations to give their sustainability reports periodically; Irja Vormedal and Audun 2006 note, â€Å"While the first wave of reporting in the 1990s was characterized by the growth of ‘pure’ environmental disclosures, companies have increasingly expanded their focus to reporting on sustainability more broadly† (Irja and Audun 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to 2005 World Summit on environment, sustainability is attained when environmental, social and economic demands of human kind have been addressed at equal portions/degrees. Irja Vormedal and Audun Ruud, further notes that one area that has taken centre stage in corporate social responsibility is steady increase in the volume and size of corporate non-financial disclosures over the past decades; when making the disclosures, firms communicate the efforts they have enacted to support sustainable development (Vormedal and Audun, 2009). This paper discusses why Australian organization should adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century. Literature review: the reasons for adopting sustainability reporting According to Irja Vormedal and Audun Ruud, 2006, in the article â€Å"Sustainability Reporting in Norway – an Assessment of Performance in the Context of Legal Demands and Socio-Political Drivers,† published in Business Strategy and the Environment journal states that the need to have sustainable reporting is driven by a number of economic and social drivers depending with the nation and the market that a company operates. Market mechanisms have affected the gr owth of ethical, social, and environmental investments, with advancement in technological knowledge and education, customers have learnt the role that organizations play on sustainability. With the information, customers through social drivers have placed pressure on organization to disclose information on their social, environmental and ethical performance from stakeholder groups. Irja Vormedal and Audun Ruud seems to have concentrated on the pressure that customers have on organizations to report their sustainable policies; according to customer relation management strategy, customers need to perceive organizations in a positive manner if they are to continue trading with them. According to Lena Geraghty, Network Manager, Focal Point Australia, Global Reporting Initiative, when organizations adopt sustainable reporting, it can be benchmarked with its peers. The writer is of the opinion that when an organization has adopted sustainable reporting, then the company becomes competitiv e among its peers.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sustainable reporting thus is a competitive tool that organizations should adopt; it focuses on developing a healthy relationship between an organization and its target customers. Customers are the backbone of an organization, any effort that is likely to improve the relationship between an organization and its customers should always be welcomed. Organizations that have attained good relationship with their customers led to customer loyalty. Good customer/organization relationship is a strong marketing and competitive tool that organizations should adopt (Slater and Glibert ,2004). Ans Kolk in the article, â€Å"Sustainability, Accountability and Corporate Governance: Exploring Multinationals’ Reporting Practices’† is of the view that global financial crisis in different parts of the globe, acc ounting and remuneration scandals, and suspicion about the social and environmental implications have exerted pressure on organizations to report their suitability levels in the efforts to develop good relationships with their target market. The writers note â€Å"Largely separate from the (more traditional) approach to accountability in the context of corporate governance, sustainability reporting has developed,† (Ans, 2008). The writer further sends light to the demand that shareholders and other stakeholders in different markets and varying regulations and governance systems have placed on multinationals in the efforts of making them compliant with sustainability reporting requirements. Ans Kolk observes that demand to report ones sustainable level is a way to make organizations accountable of their actions either in production, manufacturing, or the nature and system they use to sell commodities. When sustainable reports have been produced by organizations, it becomes eas y for the government to devise mechanisms and policies to facilitate the growth of good corporate governance and sustainable development measures (Ans, 2008). In the words of Isenmann, Christoph Welter, 2007 â€Å"Reporting makes it possible for companies to obtain in-depth information on the target groups heterogeneous information needs† (Isenmann, Christoph Welter, 2007). The writers are outlining the benefits that organizations derive when they report their sustainability accountability level. The said benefits can be beneficial to Australian organizations. How organizations approach the planning and implementation of sustainability reporting According to Perogo, P. ,2009 â€Å" An increasing number of companies disclose information about their social and environmental performance in, so-called, sustainability reports to demonstrate a commitment to corporate responsibility† (Perogo, 2009). The challenge that organizations are facing is looking at the right approac h, which they can use to report their sustainability reports.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To report effectively, there is need for some level of uniformity among organizations, industries, and nations; The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) has made great progress in developing a common framework of sustainable reporting. The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework seeks to address internal and external environment/matters to address issues at hand (Owen, 2006). The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) reporting advice mechanism identifies five main steps that need to be adopted when planning and implementing sustainable reporting in an organization, they are: Preparation: the stage involves undertaking an internal analysis of business processes and operations and their effect to the environment; the effect may be negative or positive. The internal analysis offers a deep insight of the business level strategy that an organization should implement. Connection: this second stage involves seeking stakeholders inputs on the best strategy that they feel would work for the benefit of the company; at this stage a draft of final report is made considering the driving parameters that will be included in the final report (Tregidga and Milne, 2006) Definition: the stage involves a further polishing of factors/parameters that have been given by management in the first stage and those that stakeholders have shown interest in the second stage. At this point the structure and direction of the report has already been shaped. Monitoring: this involves undertaking massive reports, information, and data then relating it to the level of business operation for the final report. According to GRI, organizations should ensure they have quality reporting principles to develop a concret e and reliable report. Communication: with the data and information on the main principle in stage four at hand, the management goes further and gives an account of level of sustainability of a company; the stage involves the preparation and writing of the final report and seeking the best method to communicate the same to the community (Lena, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Australian organizations that have adopted sustainability reporting Although sustainability reporting is a developing field in Australian companies, there are some companies that have already adopted the methodology, they include Abigroup Construction limited and Lend-Lease Limited (both are in the construction industry). At every end of financial year, Abigroup Construction limited ensures that alongside its financial report it has given an account of how it has affected the environment as wells as the efforts that it had undertaken to improve the operating environment. The company’s management is keen to note the changes its operations have on the operating environment may it being customers, employees, the environment, and stakeholders in general. In the company’s history of 50 years, it only made its first sustainability report in 2009 and the second one in 2010. According to David Jurd, the company has entered into various collaborations with international and dom estic companies to guide them on the way forward on sustainable reporting. Lend-Lease Limited has embraced the spirit of sustainable development reporting and ensures that all its operations looks into environmental, social, ethical and financial dimensions of the business. The company has enacted different community based activities that aims at looking into the general welfare of the society and ensuring that they have compensated for their damage of the environment. The company’s sustainability reports are posted in the internet for easy access and comparability (Perogo, 2009). Comparison and contrast of Abigroup Construction limited and Lend-Lease Limited approaches to sustainability reporting According to Abigroup Construction Limited sustainability policy, the main objective of the company is to balance growth and long term business success with social and environmental responsibilities; when making the report, the company gives an account of the efforts to promote sust ainability that it has adopted. When adopting policies, the company ensures that it has done so in light with reviews and feedbacks from stakeholders from previous year’s report. The company ensures that it has structured its reporting approach to be in line with the specifications of Global Reporting Initiative. The areas that the company look into when reporting its sustainability include people/leadership, the society, business, our people and the environment (Sinclair and Walton, 2003). On the other hand, sustainability policy is aimed at ensuring that environmental, social, ethical and financial impacts of every decision we made has been analyzed. The approach aims at doing business in a way that would not have a negative impact on the people or the company. According to the company’s sustainability reporting approach, the company enacts into some projects that range from independently green-rated buildings to creating long-term job opportunities for local communi ties, construction of the so called â€Å"green houses†, constructing carbon-zero, and enacting the benchmarks of sustainable reporting that can be adopted internationally (Solomon and Lewis, 2002). The main similarity between Abigroup Construction limited and Lend-Lease Limited is that both encompass the concept of stewardship in sustainable development. Both companies are guided by frameworks set out by The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI); when preparing current period sustainability reports, the companies’ business leaders review responses/feedbacks by stakeholders on the previous report. References Ans, K. ,2008. Sustainability, Accountability and Corporate Governance: Exploring Multinationals’ Reporting Practices. Business Strategy and the Environment, 2(1), pp. 18, 1–15. Lena, G. ,2009. Sustainability reporting— measure to manage, manage to change. Key Issues Applied Corporate Governance, 1(2),pp. 135-145. Owen, D. ,2006. Emerging issues in sustainability reporting. Business Strategy and the Environment ,15(1),pp. 217–218. Perogo, P. ,2009. Causes and Consequences of Choosing Different Assurance Providers: An International Study of Sustainability Reporting. International Journal of Management, 26 (3),pp. 412-425. Sinclair, P. and Walton, J., 2003. Environmental reporting within the forest and paper industry. Business Strategy and the Environment 12(1),pp. 326–337. Slater, A. and Glibert, S. ,2004. The evolution of business reporting: make room for sustainability disclosure. Environmental Quality Management, 2(1),pp. 41–48. Solomon, A. and Lewis, L. ,2002. Incentives and disincentives for corporate environmental disclosure. Business Strategy and the Environment, 11(2),pp. 154–169. Isenmann, R., Christoph, B., Welter, M. ,2007. Online Reporting for Sustainability Issues. Business Strategy and the Environment, 16(1),pp. 487–501. Tregidga, H. and Milne, M. J. ,2006. From sustainable mana gement to sustainable development: a longitudinal analysis of a leading New Zealand environmental reporter. Business Strategy and the Environment, 15(1),pp. 219–241. Vormedal, I. and Audun, R.,2009. Sustainability Reporting in Norway – an Assessment of Performance in the Context of Legal Demands and Socio-Political Drivers. Business Strategy and the Environment, 18(1), pp. 207–222. This research paper on Why Australian organizations must adopt sustainability reporting in the 21st century was written and submitted by user Emelia H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Comparing Initiation Themes

Comparing Initiation Themes Initiation refers to a rite of passage from childhood into adulthood or making an entrance into the society. There exist differences in rites of passage from a particular community to another. These rites of passage may vary from a person to another. New responsibilities and a new form of self-realization characterize initiation. Furthermore, the act involves a variety of forms like tribal initiations that involve teachings on adulthood. It may also take the form of spiritual or gang initiation characterized by introduction to criminal gangs.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Initiation Themes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initiation occurs in all cultures and there have been a lot of literature written about it. Many teenagers, especially girls make life-threatening decisions during initiation. Initiation has numerous psychological effects as revealed in the narrations of many individuals. Individuals who are initiated by wrong people face many consequences, which affect their lives in many ways. This paper will present a comparison of initiation themes. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been In the story â€Å"where are you going, where have you been†, the main character is Connie who is a 15-year-old self-absorbed girl. She is not in good terms with her mother and she lives with her elder sister who is steady and hard working. The genesis of her initiation occurs in a particular day when, without the knowledge or approval of her parents, she spent a day at â€Å"Big Boy† restaurant and captures the attention of a man. It does not take long before the boy and his friend visit the girl’s homestead in the absence of her parents. The man seems friendly although Connie notices that he has lied about his age. What transpires leaves less to imagination because the man asks Connie to comply with his demands (Oates 8). The story depicts a sad initiation process for C onnie as she is introduced into a sense of self-realization through harassment. Because of her naivety, she is adamant to leave the relationship. Many women have written their biographies with such kind of an initiation including an aspect of forced marriage. The bandits take Connie to a building described by her as being in a dilapidated condition. Moreover, she is threatened to copulate with Friend, who wants her to be his lover and possibly his wife. ‘The Grave’ In the short story of Katherine Porter, ‘The Grave,’ there is a young woman called Miranda who is on a hunting mission with her brother. They take time to view the cemeteries that the family had sold. Miranda is a woman who reveals how she is uncomfortable with several aspects of her life. The outset of her initiation is when she witnesses her brother killing a rabbit. The two realize that the rabbit was about to give birth. Miranda has a sense of pity and she even starts trembling without any re ason. From her reactions, it is apparent that she has realized that she is more mature. Hence, according to the standards of her society, she has to start behaving like a mature woman and accept all the responsibilities that come with the position (Barber 15).Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In ‘The Grave,’ the young woman feels that she has been initiated from childhood into adulthood. Although she cannot explain the occurrence of the initiation, she acknowledges that it is time for her to become mature and take up the role of a woman. This is unlike in the case of Connie depicted in ‘where are you going, where have you been?’ In the latter story, Connie is abducted without her knowledge and is initiated by bandits. This form of initiation differs with that of Miranda. Connie’s story involves the use of force into initiation. Sh e never showed any instincts regarding what was to happen or nothing could indicate to her that it was time to step out of childhood. Connie’s predicament is exacerbated by the threats she receives when she reveals her intentions to call the police. Her story ends with an indication that her initiation is through forced love and eventually into marriage with a man that she barely knew. Furthermore, she is forced to marry a person whom she fears and does not trust. Miranda does not go through forced love in her initiation (Oates 8). ‘At the Landing’ A look into the forms of initiations experienced by the aforementioned women reveals that initiation is worse for a young woman called Jenny. Her predicament is depicted in Eudora Welty’s Story ‘At the Landing.’ She is initiated through rape. A stranger steals Jenny’s innocence and this is the worst form of initiation that can happen to a woman. Further, a group of men rapes her as she attemp ts to look for Billy, the man who had previously raped her. Jenny undergoes more suffering in her initiation than the other characters. She is forced to sleep with a man. Her situation is made worse by the societal prejudices directed at women who undergo such shameful experiences. She is blamed for failing to take any action after being raped by a gang of anglers. Her story draws close similarities with that of Lynn (Barber 15), and Connie (Oates 8-10), as both are persuaded into having a sexual relationship during their initiation. ‘An Education’ The story of Lynn Barber in â€Å"An Education is a bit different from the others. The story revolves around a 16-year-old schoolgirl. This girl has a chance to meet a man claiming to be 27 years old. Lynn is vulnerable as she is attracted by Simon’s possessions and she succumbs into a premature relationship. The relationship continues and Simon starts the habit of kissing her for long and even demands to have sex wit h her. This goes on until they are on a trip and they have sex. Things take a different turn when they are having dinner in a cortege one evening as Simon is sought after by authorities (Barber 20).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Comparing Initiation Themes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After her education, Simon proposes to her and she informs her parents who encourage her to accept the marriage proposal. Deep inside her mind, she knew that this was going to shatter her dreams, as she was a bright girl and had ambitions of going to Oxford University to further her studies. With the consent of her parents, she decides not to go to the University and instead opts to marry Simon. Later on, she realizes that Simon is a dishonest man who had been deceiving her all along. The story of Lynn Barber shows a naà ¯ve girl led into marriage by a much older man. She is a bright girl and has ambitions of furthering her stud ies but out of her naivety, she opts for marriage with a man who is dishonest and not fit to be her husband. She undergoes a tough initiation, as her parents do not take their time to learn if Simon was good enough for her. Furthermore, the parents even opted for her marriage and did not reprimand her for not going to college. She is frustrated after learning that Simon had been deceiving her. Her initiation has similar aspects to that of Connie (Oates 8-10). Both of them are deceived by men who are much older than they are. They are led into marriage despite their age and naivety. Although the story of Connie includes an aspect of force where she is forced to go out with Friend, she had a chance of rejecting his advances from the first time they met in a restaurant. Lynn’s case is out of her free will that she allows Simon to build a relationship with her. Initiation undergone by Lynn (Barber) and Connie (Oates) shows young girls who are deceived by gifts and money. In both the cases, the two girls are attracted to men with expensive cars. Connie described Arnold Friend’s Car as an expensive car with a bright gold color that caught the sunlight opaquely. The two girls allowed the men in their lives from the fact that they looked wealthy and they could treat them with expensive gifts. Lynn used to receive flowers and during the weekends. Simon would pick her and go with him to watch movies. We learn from her that her father also accepted and acknowledged Simon to be her friend. The father had asked where Simon and Lynn had met (Barber 2). Her parents wanted the man to be her lover so that they could gain from his wealth. However, there is no relationship during the initiation of Miranda (Porter 15). She experiences an urge when they are on a hunting mission with her brother Paul. She notes that her father had been urging them to dress like boys although the neighbors were not comfortable with it.Advertising Looking for essay on comparative literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She notes that she is supposed to dress like a woman and was ready to accept her womanhood with all the responsibilities. She feels the urge to go back into the house and dress in a feminine manner. She is luckier than the aforementioned characters because no one deceives her into marriage. Lynn and Connie gain the sense of knowledge from naivety and childhood through a rather regrettable manner. In ‘Charlotte temple’, (Rowson), initiation of a sixteen-year-old girl is not very different as she elopes to America with a British worker. The young girl is left alone when she gets pregnant and the man desserts her to stay with much wealthier woman. She succumbs to a serious ailment and dies in the process of giving birth. This story is not very different to that of Lynn (Barber), as the two girls are rather young and end up in marriage with men that they do not know well. Moreover, they marry at a rather young age before they have trusted their partners. They are both decei ved after marriage as Lynn realizes that Simon is a dishonest man who is wanted by the police. He later starts selling off his property. In the case of Charlotte, the man does not keep the promise of staying with her and as soon as she gets pregnant. He deserts for a much older woman. Both girls are deceived by looks and wealth. The situation changes when they drop out of school, which leaves them frustrated. Both stories are similar to that of Connie (Oates). They all are deceived and have sexual affairs at a tender age. Although Connie’s fate is not well known, there are indications that she eventually enters into a forced marriage. The story of Connie is however different from that of the two girls because she is married without her consent. Most of the stories of young girls into initiation involve seduction, which eventually leads to fatal consequences. Many girls fall into this trap as they are targets of men because they are schoolgirls and are considered more attracti ve to hang out with and have a sexual relationship with. The men in most cases do not intend to marry them. Further, it happens that they are even dumped off after they get pregnant. This case is well illustrated in the story of the Charlotte (Rowson), where she elopes to America with a man who dumps her when she gets pregnant. Connie (Oates) and Lynn (Barber) also fall into the trap of men who lead them into premature relationships. All the girls end up suffering and their dreams of furthering their education are shattered. The stories lower their self-worth. A proper initiation should be like that of Miranda (Porter), where her initiation is out of self-induction. She realizes and feels the urge to dress properly like a woman and quit hunting as this was a male affair. Conclusion In summary, initiation refers to a rite of passage from childhood into adulthood or making an entrance into the society. There are numerous differences between rites of passages in different societies. In itiation is characterized by the emergence of new responsibilities and self –realization. Initiation may also involve a variety of forms like tribal initiations that involves teachings on adulthood. In this paper, various forms of initiation are highlighted. Most of the individuals that underwent initiation in the aforementioned cases have had bad experiences in the process of initiation. Initiation has numerous psychological effects as revealed in the narrations of many individuals. Individuals who are initiated by wrong people report to have vast consequences, which affect their lives in many ways. In ‘where are you going, where have you been’ and other stories depicted above, several girls have been initiated into womanhood through negative processes. Some have been raped or forced into early marriages. This paper reveals how girls are tricked into making premature decisions that drastically affects their lives. Hence, there is the need to address the initiati on of girls into adulthood through violation of their sexuality such as rape or even forced marriages tender ages. Moreover, there exists the need to help adolescents refrain from getting into relationships. Involvement into the aforementioned behavior may lead to consequences such as pregnancies or abusive marriages. The cases of Lynn and Charlotte have elucidated the predicament that some young girls face in the process of initiation. From the cases, it is apparent that girls may face negative consequences during initiation than boys. These include social, psychological, and emotional consequences. Barber, Lynn. An Education. New York: Penguin, 2009. Oates, C. Introduction. Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1994. Porter, Katherine Anne. Conversations. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 1987. Rowson, Susanna. Charlotte Temple. Boston: Mobile Reference, 2010.

Management information system case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management information system - Case Study Example The system developed by Kronos is induced with latest technology that takes into account several factors such as sales in individual Wal-Mart stores, customer traffic during peak hours, number of units sold, average time taken to sell a television as well as average time taken to unburden a truck full of shipment. All this information is logged onto the system with an increment of 15 minutes and the data is then measured against the information logged in the previous year. This allows the system to anticipate the requirement of workers at a particular time and thereafter a flexible schedule is prepared. However, this new system has met with severe criticism from employees as many of them have expressed their concern about the decreasing stability of their jobs which in turn may create financial adversity for them. In light of these facts, what follows is a case study regarding the ethical dilemmas facing the company and its employees as well as the consequences of implementing this s ystem. The flexible scheduling system developed by Kronos may lead to unpredictable scheduling of work hours which may jeopardize the work life as well as personal life of employees. The system may entail an employee to be present on call during rush hours or may also require an employee to be present during the night shift in the 24 hours Wal-Mart outlet in spite of the employee’s inconvenience. The underlying problem in this case is that employees have no choice other than complying with the system as non compliance may result in the termination of their employment contract. In fact, many of the Wal-Mart associates have expressed their concern regarding the fact that this system is being used by senior managers in order to pressurize the workers to work for more hours without even considering about the impact that such pressure may have on the lives of the worker. Therefore the ethical dilemma that is being faced by Wal-Mart is the fact that the system is in

Marketing Communication High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Communication High School - Essay Example - whatever communication marketing plans are made to direct and control the marketing operation, they must be flexible, as there are many outside factors which can easily affect the plans, e.g. government legislation; The forth stage is implementation and control of the campaign. Research has shown that over 95 percent of people forget the exact message within six weeks of seeing it. That is why repetition in promotion campaign is so important as the promotion itself (Stone Jacobs 2001). The main activities for advertising agencies have some peculiarities in contrast to traditional marketing communication. But, still, marketing communication mix is the most powerful tool to reach the wide audience in a short period of time. It will include: Incentive schemes. These should be tailored to the needs of a retailer's sales staff and may also include competitions, particularly for sales staff. Competitions linked to generating window displays make a good example of use here, with prizes such as holidays being regularly used. On-line type of promotion. It is featured at the location where many of the final decisions and actual purchases are made. Techniques used here include: temporary price reductions; extra value offers, including offers relating to future purchase; premium offers (incentives), including free mail-in premiums, self-liquidating premiums and banded free gifts (relevant for electronic services). Immediate benefit promotions. A consumer is rewarded for purchasing is immediate, and, as with most incentives, the sooner the reward can be expected and received after the qualifying action, the greater will be the positive effects of that incentive in stimulating purchase action. Included in this promotion category are: price reductions; free gifts (which can be additional service - such as two for the price of one) banded pack offers(service plus discount); economy (special proposition) (McDonald, Christopher 2003). The choice of medium is clearly closely intertwined with the distribution strategy. Today, in rapidly changing environment these communication methods become more varied and sophisticated because of technological innovations borrowed by marketers and the level of competition which forces companies within advertising industry to look for new effective ways to attract customers (Rich 2000).

Values and its impact on leadership theory and practices Essay

Values and its impact on leadership theory and practices - Essay Example At the same time, values are affected by a number of internal and external factors that also affect the value creation process of organizations. Overall, it was summed that values are an integral part of leadership theories and practices. Leadership has been one of the highly talked and researched topics in the business and social environment. Throughout, the history of business management and social empowerment, leadership has played an important and crucial role in guiding and motivating people in the right direction along with accomplishing desired mutual goals and objectives. Change is often considered as inevitable and must occur in order to maintain the pace with current and future social and business changes in different environments (Hackman, Wageman, 2005). Throughout the history of mankind in terms of geographies, ethnicity and political boundaries; there have been a number of distinct differences among people in terms of values, thinking and perception. It was only after the 20th century that societies and people were learning from each other in terms of differences mainly because of the rise and advances in technologies and communication. However, in spite of all these, there has been a major clash in terms of values and perceptions when it comes to understanding each other and this has emerged as one of the most important concerns for business organsiations (House, 2004). This is where leadership has emerged as one of the most important tools in understanding people but at the same time leadership theories and practices are largely influenced and impacted by perceived values. The discussion aims to investigate the impact of values on leadership theories and practices. For this purpose, a number of leadership theories have been discussed in a critical manner in order to ascertain the overall impact and influence of perceived values. Values can be personal or perceived often affected by the internal and external environment and

Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) Iodide

Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) Iodide The Oxidation States of Tin. Preparation of Tin (IV) iodide and Tin (II) iodide.   Introduction: Alfred Werner, a Swedish chemist, determined the octahedral coordination of Werner complexes and gave rise to the field of coordination chemistry. The complexes contained a central transition metal bonded surrounded by a number of negatively or positively charged molecules. The coordination of the structures where unknown until Werner discovered the coordination of Hexaaminecobalt (II) chloride, which is written in many ways, suggesting different coordination of the atoms. The purpose of the experiment conducted is to determine the coordination of three Werner complexes and characterize their structural formulas through a variety of techniques. The techniques utilized are analysis of free chlorides, measuring the conductance, magnetic susceptibility, and of hexaaminecobalt (II) chloride, pentaamine cobalt (II) chloride, and hexaaminemickel (II) chloride. By titrating the complexes with silver nitrate solution, a precipitate of silver chloride forms and precipitates out of the solution. The non-bonding chlorides in the complexes are reacting with silver forming a precipitate with a low solubility. By calculating the amount of silver nitrate that was used in the titration, we can determine the amount of silver chloride that precipitated out of solution, this results in the amount of free chloride in the solution. Comparing the ratios of silver chloride produced to Werner complex in the solution, free chloride ions can be determined. The conductance of complexes was also determined. The conductance of the complexes corresponds to the ions that are present within the solution. The electrical conductivity the complexes are measured once dissolved in water, the anions and cations dissolve in water. This allows for the determination of structure for metal complexes. The last technique used was the determination of unpaired electrons in the werner complexes. The Werner complexes were either diamagnetic or paramagnetic, as the contained paired or unpaired electrons which were calculated. Experimental/Observations: Part 1: Synthesis of Hexaaminecobalt III chloride (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 : In an Erlenmeyer flask, a solution containing 4.689g of cobalt III chloride (CoCl2Ά¡6H2O, a dark purple crystal), 3.005 g of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, opaque yellowish crystal) and 5ml of water was heated. The solution started out purple and over time, as it was heated, a color change was noted. Solution turned dark blue over time. Decolorizing charcoal was added, causing the solution to become much dark. 10ml of concentrated ammonia (NH3) was added to the solution causing it to become brownish/red in color. After the solution was to cooled, 10ml of a 6% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was added, the solution was heated for 20 minutes at 600C. The solution was then cooled again and vacuum filtered. The bright reddish/brown product was then transferred to a solution containing 2ml of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 40ml of water. The filtrate was then gravity filtered and another 5ml of concentrated HCl was added. The filtrate was cooled once again and vacuumed filtered. 2.8591g of the bright reddish/brown product was dried and was isolated at a yield of 36%.. Part 2: Synthesis of Pentaaminecobalt III chloride (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 : 7.5g of NH4Cl was dissolved in 15ml of 14M NH3. Finely ground CoCl2Ά¡6H2O was added the ammonia solution, in small portions, while it was agitated. The solution was initially   purple and transparent and adding the the cobalt crystals resulted in the formation of a brown slurry. 7.5 ml of 30% H2O2 was slowly added to the brown slurry, causing an effervescence reaction to occur, releasing a white gas and becoming much darker. Once the effervescence had subsided 45ml of HCl was added to the solution. The solution was heated to 850C and agitated for 20 minutes, then cooled down as a two layered solution was formed. A top blue layer and a bottom dull pink layer. The precipitate was then vacuum filtered and washed with 30 ml of ice cold water, 6M HCl, and 100% ethanol. 6.5729g of the purple product was dried and isolated with a yield of 80%. Part 3: Synthesis of hexaaminenickel III chloride (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 : 1.2g of hydrated NiCl2, a fine light green powder, was dissolved in 95% ethanol. 5ml of 14M NH3 was added to the nickel solution as it was brought to a boil. The addition of the ammonia lead to the formation of a faint purple precipitate that was vacuum filtered and wash with ethanol. 0.58g was isolated with a †¦ % yield. Analysis of Compounds: The products were analyzed to determine their magnetic susceptibility, conductance and the amount of free chloride in solution. The conductance measurements were obtained for all three products through the Sherwood scientific apparatus. 50 ml of 110-3 M aqueous solution of each of the products was prepared by dissolving 0.01570g of Ni(NH3)6Cl2, 0.01252 g of Co(NH3)6)Cl3 and 0.01337g of Co(NH3)5)Cl3 in a 50 ml volumetric flask. The conductance measure was then taken. A Johnson-Matthey magnetic susceptibility balance was used to determine the magnetic moment of each of the three products. The products were packed into a tube and the reading was taken. The analysis of free chlorides was carried out on both cobalt solutions. 0.05g of the cobalt products was dissolved in a 50ml Erlenmeyer flask and titrated with silver nitrate solution. Fluorescein was used as an indicator and the end point was determined to be a bright pink layer of the cobalt solution. Data: Table 1. Results for the synthesis of Co(NH3)6)Cl3, Co(NH3)5)Cl3 and Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 Actual yield Percent yield A Theoretical yield B (Co(NH3)6) Cl3 2.8591g 54.2% 5.272g (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 6.5729g 83.29% 7.891g (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 0.58g 49.23% 1.170g Sample calculation for percent and theoretical yeild of Co(NH3)6) Cl3 : Table 2. Results for the analysis of free chlorides for (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 and (Co(NH3)5)Cl3 Volume of AgNO3 Mass of compound Moles of free Cl- (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 0.532 ml 0.514ml 0.05g 3 (CO(NH3)5)Cl3 0.417ml 0.515ml 0.05g 2 Sample calculation for moles of free cholride for Co(NH3)6) Cl3 : Table 3. Results for Conductance Measurements for three compounds Molar conductance (ohm-1cm2mole-1) Number of ions C Lit. ValuesC (ohm-1cm2mole-1) Co(NH3)6Cl3 297.6 4 235 273 Co(NH3)5Cl3 100.8 2 118 135 Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 234.3 3 235 273   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C) Values obtained from appendix from corresponding molar conductance values. Table 4. Results for the magnetic susceptibility for the three compounds ÃŽ §g (emu mol-1) ÃŽ §Meas ÃŽ §Dia ÃŽ §Para  µeff S Unpaired electrons (Co(NH3)5) Cl3 -3.046*10-8 -3.25*10-6 -190.2 * 10-6 0.0001864 0.6625 0.235 0 (Co(NH3)6)Cl3 -2.603*10-8 -6.507*10-6 -177.2*10-6 0.0001706 0.6326 0.2236 0 (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 -1.015*10-7 -2.345*10-5 -166.7*10-6 0.0000713 0.020 0.010 0 Sample calculation for (Co(NH3)5) Cl3 : Chemical Equations: In the three-chemical reactions, the metals reacted with the amine forming the products. The chemical reactions are as follows: Part 1: 2CoCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 2NH4Cl+10NH3(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2Co(NH3)6Cl3 + 1/2O2(g) Part 2: 2CoCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 2NH4Cl+8NH3(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 3H2O(l) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   2Co(NH3)5Cl3 + 1/2O2(g) Part 3: NiCl2Ά¡6H2O(s) + 6NH3(aq) à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Ni(NH3)6Cl2(s) + 6H2O(l) An oxidation reduction reaction was occurring as hydrogen peroxide was added to the cobalt solutions and used to reduce the cobalt to its 2+ state. The redox reaction is as follows: R: H2O2 à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   H3O+ + 1/2O2 + e  Ã‚     Ã‚   (1) O: Co3+ + e à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Co2+  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2) Discussion: To determine the structure of the three complexes, three different techniques where utilized. A magnetic subspecialty measurement, a conductance measurement, and an analysis of free chlorides in each of the three products. Visible color changes were observed in the formation of the brightly colored products indicating that a successful reaction had occurred. The change of color is due to the change in oxidation state. Hydrogen peroxide was used in the reduction of cobalt complexes producing two differently colored cobalt complexes. The in the oxidation reaction we see a change in oxidation state of Co from 3+ to 2+ as hydrogen peroxide is being oxidized. A change in oxidation state causes the solution to change color as the metal complexes contain electrons that absorb light energy and jump to an excited state in a different molecular orbital Analysis of free chloride. A solution containing 0.05g of Co(NH3)6Cl3 and Co(NH3)5Cl3 was titrated with a silver nitrate solution. The number of moles of free chloride ions was then calculated through their mole ratios. It was determined that Co(NH3)6Cl3 solution contained3 free chloride ions while (Co(NH3)5Cl3 solution contained 2 free chloride ions. The calculated ratios (Table 2) of free chloride ions indicates whether the Chlorine ions are bonded with the cobalt complex, as free chloride ions will precipitate out of the solution in the presence of silver nitrate. From this we can assume that 2 moles of chlorine are not bonded to in cobalt complex in Co(NH3)5) Cl3 while all 3 moles of chlorine are not bonded to the cobalt complex in Co(NH3)6)Cl3. We can conclude that chlorine helps stabilize the positive charge of cobalt complex in Co(NH3)6)Cl3 while a single chloride ions is bonded to the cobalt complex of Co(NH3)5Cl3. Fluorescing, the indicator used in the titration, was added t o the solution with 2ml of 2% dextrin solution. The dextrin solution prevents the coagulation of AgCl and the prevention of the AgCl aggregate on the surface of the solution. Molar conductance. A solution of all three products was prepared with a concentration of 10-3M. The molar conductance reading was then taken at 20.50C on a Sherwood scientific apparatus. The conductance values were obtained and compared to the literature values and the number ions of each solution can be determined. Co(NH3)6Cl6 had a conductance value of 297.6 ohm-1cm2mole-1. From the corresponding literature value, this conductance is due the presence of 4 ions in one mole solution. Similarly, Co(NH3)5Cl5 and Ni(NH3)6Cl2 had molar conductance value of 100.8 and 234.3 ohm-1cm2mole-1 which correspond to 2 and 3 ions per mole of solution respectively. From this we can determine the formula of each of the compounds. In hexaaminecobalt (III) chloride, 4 total ions are present which results in one from Co(NH3)62+ + 3Cl. In pentaaminecobalt (III) chloride, 2 ions are present, one from Co(NH3)52+ + Cl. In pentaaminenickel (II) chloride, 3 total ions are present, one from Ni(NH3)52+ + 2Cl. H owever, for data from the analysis of free chloride does not confer with the molar conductivity of the pentaaminecobalt (II) chloride complex. From the analysis of free chlorides, it was determined that one mole of the complex contained 2Cl while the molar conductance suggest 2moles of chloride ion. This discrepancy may be due to the product not being fully dried, and the moisture water may interact and distort the reading of conductance. Magnetic Susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility was carried out on a Johnson-Matthey apparatus that determines the magnetic moment of each complex. Through calculating Spin values it was determined that both Cobalt (Co3+) complexes, with a d6 electron configuration, does not have any unpaired electrons as the spin values were close to 0. From this, we can assume that the electrons are in a low spin state as Hunds rule of multiplicity suggest that electrons would be paired with altering spin states, and unpairing the electrons would require an increase in energy to overcome Δ0. The Nickel (Ni2+) complex contain two unpaired electrons. Its d8 electron configuration, with 2 unpaired electrons in a high spin state. The low spin state would not be observed as paring the two electrons was require extra energy. The three compounds, (Co(NH3)6) Cl3, (Co(NH3)5)Cl3, (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 were successfully produced and to give yields of 54.2%, 83.29%and 49.23% respectively for the three compounds. The yields of (Co(NH3)6) Cl3 and (Ni(NH3)6)Cl2 is rather low but it to be expected as the sample may have been lost during the vacuum filtration process while being transferred. The coordination of the three complexes was determined to be Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5Cl)Cl2 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2. Conclusion: The purpose of the experiment was to characterize the structural formulas werener complexes through the synthesis of Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5)Cl3 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2 and the coordination of the compounds was determined to be Co(NH3)6Cl3, Co(NH3)5Cl)Cl2 and Ni(NH3)5Cl2 . The characterizations were conducted with three techniques that determined the moles of free chloride ions, conductance and magnetic moment of the three complexes. The analysis of free chloride ions determined that 3 and 2 chloride ions were present per mole of the two cobalt complexes. Indicating that Cl is bonded to Co(NH3)62+ complexes, while non-bonded to the Co(NH3)5, but function to stabilize the charge on the complex. The molar conductance of the complexes resulted in the presence of 4,2 and 3 total ions for the three Werner complexes. Lastly, the magnetic moment of three complexes was determined and the spin states where calculated. It was determined that both cobalt complexes (Co3+) contained 0 unpaired electrons, i n a d6 diamagnetic electron configuration, in a low spin state. The nickel complex was found to contain 2 unpaired electrons, in a d8 paramagnetic electron configuration, with 2 electrons in the high spin state. References: Simon Fraser University. Inorganic Chemistry, Chemistry 236W laboratory manual: 2016. Vol. 1.81. Print. 9 -10 Miessler, G. L.; Tarr, D. A. Inorganic chemistry; Prentice Hall: Boston, 2011.

Coping With Computers :: essays research papers

Coping With Computers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the twentieth century has proven to be a technological revolution, there has not been a single development with as much impact on our day to day lives than that of the computer. For many, the development of the modern computer has provided more widespread business opportunities, greater production efficiency, and greater convenience at both work and home than any other innovation has provided us with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the degrees earned today did not exist twenty years ago. Many of the computer sciences degrees are based on technologies that were not even developed not so long ago. The resulting situation is a work force that has been caught with their ‘pants down.' For many of the senior members of this workforce, they are at a disadvantage when it comes to competing with newer college graduates in today's computer world. This article deals with the feelings of one particular person in this position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Linda Ellerbee, a journalist and author owns a television production company. She also has her own column in Windows magazine. Her experiences with modern computer technologies range from the terminals of the 1970's all the through today with the Internet and e-mail.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of her first experiences with a computer involved sending a message over the AP news wire. As it turns out, she expressed her candid opinion on some very sensitive topics at the time, including but not limited to the Vietnam War. Consequently, the AP was not amused with the message and she was fired. At the time, this incident was popular enough to make it into Newsweek magazine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later on, she moved into television as a reporter, but now owns her own production company, Lucky Duck Productions. Here, she realized that computers act as the driving force in a technologically based industry. She also realized that the younger generations are certainly more comfortable and at home with personal computers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While running her production company, she tells of her experience with her favorite ‘ghost employee.' In her efforts to find a system administrator, she was referred to Columbia University's Center for Telecommunication Research. There, she negotiated a salary via e-mail, and whenever a system needs to be set up the ghost does it over the Internet. Of course, the bill is sent with e-mail as well. As of yet, she still has never seen the system administrator.

Gender Role and Sexuality Essay

I can fortunately and happily say that I personally have not experienced unequal treatment in regards to my chosen career, educational path or previously held jobs. What I do still see currently being stereotyped are gender roles and the way they are allowed or not allowed to sexually express themselves in the public eye. From my experience it is more acceptable for men to compose music about sex, be in main stream media selling sex, have successful careers in sex, and everyday unequal expectations in dating, sex and relationships. Men have more sexual freedom in the world today. Men are encouraged and in most cases applauded on the discussion of how many partners they have had in the past and the specifics of each experience, yet woman are still expected to hide their sex from the world in fear of ridicule and isolation. In our society today woman who are overly sexual or dress in form fitting clothes or lack thereof are automatically stereotyped as the promiscuous type. Why the double standard? I don’t agree at all with displaying private sexual acts to the general public to gain fame and wealth and in by doing such corrupting children and destroying the beauty of sex but I don’t believe that we should have to hide that women are as much sexual beings equally as men. I feel religion and culture play major roles in the history of sexual repression of woman. Even dating back to the Puritan who believed that anything resulting in pleasure was a sin, women’s freedom to express their sexuality has been suppressed in fear of domination because we are just as powerful as men. Growing up in a strict catholic home I was always taught to act like a lady in public. Exactly what was meant by that I wasn’t fully sure but I knew its underlying symbolism was repressing my sexuality. I wasn’t allowed to wear spaghetti straps, mid drift shirts, shorts above my knees, or make up till I was 18 years old. Sex was not spoken of in my household at all, and if it happened to be seen in a movie or on television I was instructed to cover my eyes because sex was forbidden. Being a sexy woman was seen as vulgar. If I had male friends I could not talk on the phone with them or play outside of school with them without a parent or chaperone. On that contrary my younger brother was encouraged to dress well, wear cologne and have many female friends. It was a symbol of popularity. In my father’s Hispanic culture the young men were pampered and treated as kings with double standards. The women were there to serve them. We are not allowed to be sexy or let alone discuss sex in anyway shape or form. As an adult now I can understand why I completely rebelled against the stereotypes created by my religion and culture. It’s not fair to make women feel less than human than men. We are sexual creatures who share the same desires and needs. I now embrace my sexuality. I’m not afraid to be who I am, and say how I feel. Being a single mother in society today puts me in another stereotype as well. Having a child out of wedlock is still looked down upon, and more so with the mother. We are labeled as â€Å"promiscuous†, â€Å"unholy†, and â€Å"irresponsible†, but to me I loved a man for 8 years and wanted to create a life with him. Unfortunately the abuse I endured was too great to allow after the child was born, so I chose to leave. On the other hand the single father is praised and labeled as â€Å"hard working†, and â€Å"honorable†. In news and media woman are portrayed as sex objects in order to entice society. It draws women in because they either want to be like them or look like them and it draws men in because they love the visual stimulation. Sexuality is used as a shock value for ratings. Are sexy woman who love their bodies and the way it makes them feel really that shocking? Instead of conditioning our young woman to hide their sexuality we should be teaching them healthy ways to explore and express their human desires of sexuality in a safe, healthy way.

Free Essays on Gendering

As we are conceived in an American culture and society we are immediately gendered. One of the first questions that we ask ourselves when we know we are having children, â€Å"Is it a boy or girl.† These are our first thoughts because, in our society and many others, everything revolves around gender. Whether we will be passing baseball with our fathers or playing dress-up with our mothers, gender changes everything. During childhood, children are exposed to many factors, which influence their attitudes and behaviors regarding gender roles. These attributions are learned in many different places, including school, in home and even daycares or from babysitters that have direct contact with children. It is nearly impossible for a child to grow up in this modern society without being somewhat influenced by the gender that they are biologically blessed with. On more of a personal basis, growing up in the 1980’s has not changed significantly from today’s children. Behaviors can be and usually are reinforced by our peers, parents, and whoever may have contact with us. I remember in preschool that I was assigned to play with other boys, to line up at the end of recess with other boys, and to eat take naps with other boys. It was the same scenario with the girls, just vice-versa. As small children grow up into bigger children and pre-teens, they still some minor segregation, but seem to be more reinforced by our peers than by our guardians at this stage. Girls do not want to play with boys because they want to play â€Å"with their own kind.† However, this stems from the experiences that were learned at younger age. The result is a self-imposed segregation between boys and girls for the majority of their young lifes. How does this affect us at an older, more mature age? Webb 2 Many preteens behave unfavorably towards to opposite gender. Typically boys at this age are perceived to behave in competitive,... Free Essays on Gendering Free Essays on Gendering As we are conceived in an American culture and society we are immediately gendered. One of the first questions that we ask ourselves when we know we are having children, â€Å"Is it a boy or girl.† These are our first thoughts because, in our society and many others, everything revolves around gender. Whether we will be passing baseball with our fathers or playing dress-up with our mothers, gender changes everything. During childhood, children are exposed to many factors, which influence their attitudes and behaviors regarding gender roles. These attributions are learned in many different places, including school, in home and even daycares or from babysitters that have direct contact with children. It is nearly impossible for a child to grow up in this modern society without being somewhat influenced by the gender that they are biologically blessed with. On more of a personal basis, growing up in the 1980’s has not changed significantly from today’s children. Behaviors can be and usually are reinforced by our peers, parents, and whoever may have contact with us. I remember in preschool that I was assigned to play with other boys, to line up at the end of recess with other boys, and to eat take naps with other boys. It was the same scenario with the girls, just vice-versa. As small children grow up into bigger children and pre-teens, they still some minor segregation, but seem to be more reinforced by our peers than by our guardians at this stage. Girls do not want to play with boys because they want to play â€Å"with their own kind.† However, this stems from the experiences that were learned at younger age. The result is a self-imposed segregation between boys and girls for the majority of their young lifes. How does this affect us at an older, more mature age? Webb 2 Many preteens behave unfavorably towards to opposite gender. Typically boys at this age are perceived to behave in competitive,...

Learning He, She, or It in English

Learning He, She, or It in English English grammar states that people are referred to as he or she and that all other objects are referred to as it in the singular or they in the plural. In many languages, such as French, German, Spanish, etc. objects have gender. In other words, things are referred to as he or she. English students quickly learn that all objects are it, and are probably happy because they dont have to learn the gender of each object. I live in a house. Its in the countryside.Look at that window. Its broken.I know thats my book because it has my name on it. He, She or It With Animals When referring to animals we run into a problem. Should we refer to them as he or she? When speaking about animals in English use it. However, when speaking about our pets or domesticated animals, its common to use he or she. Strictly speaking, animals should always take it, but native speakers generally forget this rule when speaking about their own cats, dogs, horses or other domestic animals. My cat is so friendly. Shell say hi to anyone who comes to visit.My dog loves running. When I take him to the beach, he runs for hours and hours.Dont touch my lizard, he bites people he doesnt know! Wild animals, on the other hand, usually take it when spoken about in a general way. Look at the hummingbird. Its so beautiful!That bear looks like its very strong.The zebra in the zoo looks tired. It just stands there all day long. The Use of Anthropomorphism Anthropomorphism - Noun: The attribution of human characteristics or behavior to a god, animal, or object. You often hear wild animals referred to as he or she in documentaries. Wildlife documentaries teach about the habits of wild animals and describe their lives in ways humans can understand. This type of language is referred to as an anthropomorphism. Here are some examples: The bull stands his ground challenging anyone to a fight. He surveys the herd looking for a new mate. (bull - male cow)The mare protects her foal. She keeps a look out for any intruder. (mare - female horse / foal - baby horse) Anthropomorphism is also used with some vehicles such as cars and boats. Some people refer to their car as she, while sailors commonly refer to ships as she. This use of she with some cars and boats is probably due to the intimate relationship people have with these objects. Many people spend hours with their cars, while sailors can spend most of their lives aboard ships. They develop a personal relationship with these objects and give them human traits: anthropomorphism. Ive had my car for ten years. Shes part of the family.The ship was launched twenty years ago. Shes sailed around the world.Toms in love with his car. He says shes his soul mate! Nations In formal English, especially in older written publications nations are often referred to with the feminine she. Most people use it in modern times. However, its still quite common to come across the use of she in more formal, academic or sometimes patriotic settings. For example, some patriotic songs in the USA contain feminine references. The use of she, her and hers is common when speaking about a country someone loves. Ah France! Her bountiful culture, welcoming people and amazing cuisine always call me back!Old England. Her strength shines through any test of time.(from Song) ... bless America, land that I love. Stand beside her, and guide her ...

Entrepreneurship And Small Business Development Essay

Entrepreneurship And Small Business Development - Essay Example Entrepreneurship is also about making proper plans and arranging the resources required for converting the market opportunities into reality (Dyck and Neubert, 2008, p.173). While on the other hand, an entrepreneur is an individual who is focused on the decision of allocation and harmonization of scarce resources (Casson, 2003, p.19). Bill Gates, Steven Spielberg, Sam Walton, Gordon Moore, Ted Turner and Alan Sugar are among the eminent entrepreneurs of the world (Finance in the classroom, n.d.). However, in the context of this project Alan Sugar, the owner of Amstrad will be chosen as the entrepreneur on whom the study will be conducted. Alan Sugar is a successful entrepreneur and tasted success at an early age. The leadership skills of Alan Sugar are also noticeable. Hence considering all the relevant facts Alan Sugar is the ideal person. The study will focus on the attributes associated with an entrepreneur and also the theories related to it. The report will also highlight the re lation between the entrepreneurs and the theories applied. The report will then try to give an insight about the entrepreneur by considering the literature and the practical work. Finally, after analyzing the finding from the study, a conclusion will be drawn which will portray whether the null hypothesis holds true or it is rejected. An overview of the theory of leadership as applied to entrepreneurs Entrepreneurship has always been a subject of study that has been highly researched and theorized and is still in the developmental stage. Earlier studies have proposed that entrepreneurs are more inclined to unique psychological needs and are also more spontaneous, motivated to achieve their goals, takes more challenges and are also prone to take more risks. Hence an entrepreneur has to adapt according to the demand of the situation. The most important functions of an entrepreneur are as follows:- 1. Organization building: - An entrepreneur needs to organize all the relevant elements such as manpower, material and the related resources. The entrepreneur has to perform the function of planning, organization, and monitoring. The entrepreneur also needs to use the leadership skills to build a team, accumulate resources and finally solve the problems. According to Kilby, entrepreneurship is an important activity in developing countries and encompasses the following rule. Purchasing inputs. Managing finance. Managing production. Attaining charge over the limited resource. 2. Bearing Uncertainty and Risk: - According to the author Andrew F. Newman, an entrepreneur has to bear huge risk and uncertainty (Newman, 2007, p.1-2). Every decision related to the creation of a new product, incorporating new technologies, and taking up foreign venture involves risk and uncertainty. Thus in this uncertain environment entrepreneurs needs to make the decision by forecasting the associated risk. Since entrepreneurs are not gamblers, therefore, they take calculated risks. Entrepreneu rs also lead, create and take actions. Therefore all the mentioned behaviors produce leadership competencies. Leadership is about selecting the appropriate style according to the situation. Also, the characteristics of the person, who is being guided need to be considered (BBC, 2006). The leadership qualities are an important characteristic for an entrepreneur.

Global Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Global Marketing - Assignment Example y than others and this means that for a nation to acquire certain commodities from such nations then they have to pay relatively higher prices (Weithers, 2011:44). The report above shows for a period of four years where the value for U.S Dollar has been steadily increasing. The figures show that more than 80% of the currencies studied have lowered in value as compared to the U.S Dollar. There are several reasons why the U.S Dollar has had an increase in value for the past four years. One of the reasons is the high demand of the dollar in the international market. With increased production and active participation in the international market, the U.S supplied the world with products and services and this increased the ‘attachment’ it has had through trade. To make their commodities valuable, an increase in currency value would occur. Market forces in the international trade are critical in determining the currency value of a country. Looking at those countries that U.S majorly supply, it is obvious that their currency is less valuable compared to the U.S Dollars. However, Britain and Switzerland have currencies that are much higher in value than the U.S dollar because of their control of the market in terms of supply (Towbin and Weber, 2011: 177). Among the things that the U.S government probably did was to regulate the interest rates so as to increase value for its currency. This might have been done through restricting and controlling the money that runs in the international framework. When the currency is not easily found yet it is on great demand, its value normally go up automatically. The U.S government might have also deliberately set certain elastic rates that change with time. For instance, within a period of 48 hours, the currency’s value goes up by some figure. Since the international traders need this currency to help them trade with other partners, they would still buy it at those ‘expensive’ prices making the value to progressively